该选择哪个开源数据库

21 个最好的免费开源数据库：

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1. MySQL

The most widely used open source database for Web apps (and many other things) remains MySQL. Support for multiple storage engines, clustering, full-text indexing, and plenty of other professional features have allowed numerous other apps profiled here, from WordPress to Movable Type, to rely on MySQL as their default database. Graphical front ends, such as phpMyAdmin and Adminer, make using the database far less of a chore. And for those seeking escape from the long shadow of Oracle, there's a community fork named MariaDB, maintained by MySQL's original lead developer, Monty Widenius.

2. PostgreSQL

When Oracle acquired MySQL, reduced the development staff, and more or less killed the open source nature of the project, it reopened a market that MySQL had locked down. PostgreSQL has a much nicer set of drivers and supports both standard ANSI-SQL and extended features, in many cases better than MySQL. On the downside, its long legacy has left it multiprocess in the era of multithreaded. The high-availability/clustering features of PostgreSQL require a lot of elbow grease and leave much to be desired. Yet while organizations look for a community developed database, one of the eldest starts to look pretty good. Many cloud providers, such as Heroku, have chosen PostgreSQL as their RDBMS storage option as well.

3. MongoDB

NoSQL? Document database? The first name that comes to mind is MongoDB, due to a dual-edged blade from developer 10gen. On one side, MongoDB has strong venture capital and consequently an extensive marketing strategy. On the other side, it is the only comparatively mature document database in the NoSQL world. Highly scalable horizontally with automated sharding and highly available due to autoreplication, MongoDB offers a very reliable and yet simple solution to modern document database problems. The downsides: Working with stored procedures can be difficult, and performing data manipulation can require writing complex JavaScript code.

4. Hadoop (HBase)

Hadoop is the name brand in big data. It is also the convergence of "clustered storage" systems like Gluster and Ceph with NoSQL. Hadoop is really a collection of projects to solve large and complex data problems. In fact, there are multiple types of databases and query languages built on the overall Hadoop framework. Hadoop's complexity is as legendary as its capability, and its lack of high-availability features has both held it back and created a commercial add-on ecosystem.

The project aims to host very large tables like "billions of rows, millions of columns". It has a REST-ful web service gateway that supports XML, Protobuf, and binary data encoding options.

5. Apache Cassandra

Written in Java, this BigTable-based key-value database is getting more popular by the day. Open source and built to integrate with Hadoop, Cassandra offers the column family solution to developers wanting to move away from the relational database model while working with Hadoop. Focusing mainly on getting in very fast writes and providing high availability, Cassandra has slower reads than some alternatives. It is mostly used for logging purposes and real-time analysis.

Cassandra is a highly scalable second-generation distributed database that is used by giants like Facebook, Digg, Twitter, Cisco more. It aims to provide a consistent, fault-tolerant highly available environment for storing data.

6. Couchbase

While Couchbase was a fork of CouchDB, it has become more of a full-fledged data product and less of a ball of framework than CouchDB. Its transition to a document database will give MongoDB a run for its money. It is multithreaded per node, which can be a major scalability benefit -- especially when hosted on custom or bare-metal hardware. With some nice integration features, including with Hadoop, Couchbase is a great choice for an operational data store.

7. Neo4j

The database for interconnected data, Neo4j provides a reliable Java-based platform for conquering highly interconnected database problems. Available with full ACID transaction compatibility -- rare in a NoSQL database -- Neo4j has a SQL-like query language called Cypher and a scripting language called Gremlin for graph traversals. Best used to accurately and efficiently model highly complex, interconnected networks like network topologies, social networks, and conditional access control problems, it provides indexes on nodes and relationships. Direct path calculations take hundreds of lines of code for a RDBMS but two lines of code for Neo4j.

8. Riak

An open source distributed database written in Erlang and C, Riak treats all nodes equally. No one is a master or a slave. Thus, there is no fear a master will be a single point of failure. However, the masterless, fully distributed model with SNMP monitoring is not available in the open source version. Much simpler than its peers (such as Cassandra), Riak is optimal for places where even seconds of downtime would hurt.

9. Redis

There are many NoSQL databases, but Redis remains close to our heart because it has so many features that some call it a "data structure store." You don't just store numbers and strings -- you can dump in entire hashes, lists, sets, and other complicated structures. Then, to make the deal sweeter, Redis offers replication and persistence.

Redis is an advanced fast key-value database written in C which can be used like memcached, in front of a traditional database, or on its own. It has support for many programming languages used by popular projects like GitHub or Engine Yard. There is also a PHP client named Rediska for managing Redis databases.

10. Firebird

Firebird is a relational database that can run on Linux, Windows various UNIX platforms. It offers high performance and powerful language support for stored procedures and triggers.

11. Memcached

Memcached is an in-memory key-value store for small chunks of arbitrary data (strings, objects) from results of database calls, API calls, or page rendering. It is intended for use in speeding up dynamic web applications by alleviating database load.

12. Oracle Berkeley DB

It is an embeddable database engine that provides developers with fast, reliable, local persistence with zero administration. Oracle Berkeley DB is a library that links directly into your application enables you to make simple function calls rather than sending messages to a remote server for a better performance.

13. Hypertable

Hypertable is a high performance distributed data storage system designed to support applications requiring maximum performance, scalability, and reliability. It is modeled after Google's BigTable and mostly focuses on large-scale datasets.

14. Keyspace

It is a consistently replicated, fault-tolerant key-value store that works in Windows OS. Keyspace offers high availability by masking server/network failures appearing as a single, highly available service.

15. 4store

4store is a database storage and query engine that holds RDF data. It is written in ANSI C99, designed to run on UNIX-like systems offers a high performance, scalable stable platform.

16. MariaDB

MariaDB is a backward compatible, drop-in replacement branch of the MySQL® Database Server. It includes all major open source storage engines + the Maria storage engine.

17. Drizzle

It is a fork of MySQL that focuses on being a reliable database optimized for Cloud and Net applications.

18. HyperSQL

It is a SQL relational database engine written in Java. HyperSQL offers a small fast database engine which has in-memory and disk-based tables, supports embedded/server modes. Also, it has tools such as a command line SQL tool GUI query apps.

19. MonetDB

MonetDB is a database system for high-performance applications in data mining, OLAP, GIS, XML Query, text multimedia retrieval.

20. Persevere

It is an object storage engine and application server (running on Java/Rhino) that provides storage of dynamic JSON data for rapidly develop data-driven JavaScript-based rich internet applications.

21. eXist-db

eXist-db is built using XML technology. It stores XML data according to the XML data model features efficient, index-based XQuery processing.

GitHub 上有哪些值得推荐的开源电子书

语言无关类

操作系统

鸟哥的Linux私房菜 (简体)

Linux 系统高级编程

The Linux Command Line (中英文版)

Linux 设备驱动 (第三版)

深入分析Linux内核源码

UNIX TOOLBOX

Docker中文指南

Docker —— 从入门到实践

FreeRADIUS新手入门

Mac 开发配置手册

FreeBSD 使用手册

Linux 命令行(中文版)

智能系统

一步步搭建物联网系统

web服务器

Nginx开发从入门到精通 (淘宝团队出品)

版本控制

Git教程 （本文由  @廖雪峰 创作，如果觉得本教程对您有帮助，可以去  iTunes 购买）

git – 简易指南

猴子都能懂的GIT入门

Git 参考手册

Pro Git

Git Magic

GotGitHub

Git Community Book 中文版

Mercurial 使用教程

HgInit (中文版)

沉浸式学 Git

Git-Cheat-Sheet （感谢 @flyhigher139 翻译了中文版）

GitHub秘籍

NoSQL

NoSQL数据库笔谈 (PDF)

Redis 设计与实现

Redis 命令参考

带有详细注释的 Redis 3.0 代码

带有详细注释的 Redis 2.6 代码

The Little MongoDB Book

The Little Redis Book

Neo4j 简体中文手册 v1.8

Neo4j .rb 中文资源

MySQL

MySQL索引背后的数据结构及算法原理

项目相关

持续集成（第二版） (译言网)

让开发自动化系列专栏

追求代码质量

selenium 中文文档

Joel谈软件

约耳谈软体(Joel on Software)

Web

关于浏览器和网络的 20 项须知

前端知识体系

浏览器开发工具的秘密

Chrome 开发者工具中文手册

Chrome扩展开发文档

Grunt中文文档

移动Web前端知识库

正则表达式30分钟入门教程

前端开发体系建设日记

移动前端开发收藏夹

JSON风格指南

HTTP 接口设计指北

前端资源分享（一）

前端资源分享（二）

前端代码规范 及 最佳实践

w3school教程整理

大数据

大数据/数据挖掘/推荐系统/机器学习相关资源

编程艺术

程序员编程艺术

每个程序员都应该了解的内存知识(译)【第一部分】

取悦的工序：如何理解游戏 (豆瓣阅读，免费书籍)

其他

OpenWrt智能、自动、透明翻墙路由器教程

语言相关类 AWK

awk程序设计语言

C/C++

C++ 并发编程指南 (@傅海平ICT)

Linux C编程一站式学习 (宋劲杉, 北京亚嵌教育研究中心)

CGDB中文手册

100个gdb小技巧

100个gcc小技巧

ZMQ 指南

How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (中英文版)

跟我一起写Makefile(PDF)

GNU make中文手册

GNU make 指南

Google C++ 风格指南

C/C++ Primer (by @andycai)

简单易懂的C魔法

Cmake 实践 (PDF版)

C++ FAQ LITE(中文版)

C++ Primer 5th Answers

CSS/HTML

学习CSS布局

通用 CSS 笔记、建议与指导

CSS参考手册

Emmet 文档

前端代码规范 (腾讯alloyteam团队)

Dart

Dart 语言导览

Fortran

Fortran77和90/95编程入门

Java

实时 Java 系列

Apache Shiro 用户指南

使用 Eclipse 和 Java SE 6 创建独立 Web Services 应用程序

第 1 部分: Web Services 服务端应用程序

第 2 部分: Web 服务客户端应用程序

JavaServer Faces 1.2 入门

第 1 部分: 构建基本应用程序

第 2 部分: JSF 生命周期、转换、检验和阶段监听器

用 Eclipse Europa 进行 Web 开发

第 1 部分: Eclipse Java EE

第 2 部分: PHP 开发工具

第 3 部分: Ruby Development Toolkit 和 RadRails

使用 JavaServer Faces 构建 Apache Geronimo 应用程序

第 1 部分: 使用 Eclipse 和 Apache MyFaces Core 构建基本的应用程序

第 2 部分: 在 JavaServer Faces 中使用 Tomahawk

第 3 部分: 使用 ajax4jsf 添加 Ajax 功能

第 4 部分: 使用 Apache Trinidad 组件扩展 JSF

第 5 部分: 将 JSF 应用程序与 Spring 集成

Apache Geronimo 和 Spring 框架

第 1 部分: 开发方法学

第 2 部分: 构建第一个应用程序

第 3 部分: 集成 DAO 与 ORM

第 4 部分: 混合使用 Spring AOP 和 Spring Web Flow

第 5 部分: Spring MVC

第 6 部分: Spring MVC：使用 Web 视图技术

终极 mashup —— Web 服务和语义 Web

第 1 部分: 使用与组合 Web 服务

第 2 部分: 管理 Mashup 数据缓存

第 3 部分: 理解 RDF 和 RDFs

第 4 部分: 创建本体

第 5 部分: 切换 Web 服务

Jersey 2.x 用户指南

MyBatis中文文档

JavaScript

Google JavaScript 代码风格指南

Airbnb JavaScript 规范

JavaScript 标准参考教程（alpha）

Javascript编程指南 (源码)

javascript 的 12 个怪癖

JavaScript 秘密花园

JavaScript核心概念及实践 (PDF) (此书已由人民邮电出版社出版发行，但作者依然免费提供PDF版本，希望开发者们去购买，支持作者)

《JavaScript 模式》翻译，此书中文版有售，但是纸质书翻译的还没有这个版本翻译的好

命名函数表达式探秘 (注:原文由为之漫笔翻译，原始地址无法打开，所以此处地址为我博客上的备份)

学用 JavaScript 设计模式 (开源中国)

深入理解JavaScript系列

ECMAScript 6 入门 (作者：阮一峰)

jQuery

jQuery 解构

简单易懂的JQuery魔法

How to write jQuery plugin

Node.js

Node入门

七天学会NodeJS

Nodejs Wiki Book (繁体中文)

express.js 中文文档

koa 中文文档

使用 Express + MongoDB 搭建多人博客

Express框架

nodejs文档

Node.js 包教不包会

Learn You The Node.js For Much Win! (中文版)

Node debug 三法三例

underscore.js

Underscore.js中文文档

backbone.js

backbone.js入门教程 (PDF)

Backbone.js入门教程第二版

Developing Backbone.js Applications(中文版)

AngularJS

AngularJS最佳实践和风格指南

AngularJS中译本

AngularJS入门教程

构建自己的AngularJS

在Windows环境下用Yeoman构建AngularJS项目

zepto 简明中文手册

Sea.js

Hello Sea.js

CoffeeScript

CoffeeScript Cookbook

The Little Book on CoffeeScript中文版

ExtJS

Ext4.1.0 中文文档

Chrome扩展及应用开发

JavaScript入门教程

PHP

PHP调试技术手册(PDF)

XDebug 2中文手册(译) (CHM)

PHP之道

PHP 最佳实践

PHP安全最佳实践

深入理解PHP内核

PHP扩展开发及内核应用

CodeIgniter 用户指南

Laravel4 中文文档

Laravel 入门

Symfony2中文文档 (未译完)

Phalcon中文文档（翻译进行中）

YiiBook几本Yii框架的在线教程

简单易懂的PHP魔法

swoole文档及入门教程

iOS

iOS开发60分钟入门

iOS7人机界面指南

Google Objective-C Style Guide 中文版

iPhone 6 屏幕揭秘

Apple Watch开发初探

马上着手开发 iOS 应用程序

网易斯坦福大学公开课：iOS 7应用开发字幕文件

Android

Android Design(中文版)

Google Android官方培训课程中文版

Android学习之路

Python

小白的Python教程

简明Python教程

零基础学Python

Python 2.7 官方教程中文版

Python 3.3 官方教程中文版

深入 Python 3

PEP8 Python代码风格规范

Google Python 风格指南 中文版

Python入门教程 (PDF)

Python的神奇方法指南

笨办法学 Python （PDF版下载）

Django 文档中文版

Django 最佳实践

The Django Book 中文版

web.py 0.3 新手指南

Web.py Cookbook 简体中文版

Dive Into Python 中文版

Bottle 文档中文版 (需翻墙)

Flask 文档中文版

Jinja2 文档中文版

Werkzeug 文档中文版

Flask之旅

Introduction to Tornado 中文翻译

Python自然语言处理中文版 （感谢陈涛同学的翻译，也谢谢  @shwley 联系了作者）

Python 绘图库 matplotlib 官方指南中文翻译

Scrapy 0.25 文档

ThinkPython

Ruby

Ruby 风格指南

Rails 风格指南

笨方法学 Ruby

Ruby on Rails 指南

Ruby on Rails 实战圣经

Ruby on Rails Tutorial 原书第 2 版 (本书网页版免费提供，电子版以 PDF、EPub 和 Mobi 格式提供购买，仅售 9.9 美元)

编写Ruby的C拓展

Ruby 源码解读

Shell

Shell脚本编程30分钟入门

Go

Go编程基础

Go入门指南

学习Go语言 (PDF)

Go Web 编程 (此书已经出版，希望开发者们去购买，支持作者的创作)

Go实战开发 (当我收录此项目时，作者已经写完第三章，如果读完前面章节觉得有帮助，可以给作者捐赠，以鼓励作者的继续创作)

Network programming with Go 中文翻译版本

Groovy

实战 Groovy 系列

LaTeX

一份其实很短的 LaTeX 入门文档

一份不太简短的 LATEX 2ε 介绍 （PDF版）

LISP

ANSI Common Lisp 中文翻译版

Lua

Lua编程入门

Haskell

Real World Haskell 中文版

R

R语言忍者秘笈

Scala

Scala课堂 (Twitter的Scala中文教程)

Effective Scala(Twitter的Scala最佳实践的中文翻译)

Scala指南

Swift

The Swift Programming Language 中文版

Perl

Modern Perl 中文版

Perl 程序员应该知道的事

Prolog

笨办法学Prolog

Vim中文文档

Vimscript

笨方法学Vimscript 中译本

Vim中文文档

读书笔记及其它 读书笔记

编译原理（紫龙书）中文第2版习题答案

把《编程珠玑》读薄

Effective C++读书笔记

Golang 学习笔记、Python 学习笔记、C 学习笔记 (PDF)

Jsoup 学习笔记

学习笔记: Vim、Python、memcached

图灵开放书翻译计划–C++、Python、Java等

蒂姆·奥莱利随笔 （由译言网翻译，电子版免费）

Octave 入门 （PDF版）

SICP 解题集

精彩博客集合

正则表达式简明参考

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