Linux命令之fdisk

fdisk

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fdisk [选项]   改变分区表 

fdisk [选项] –l   列出所有分区表

fdisk –s   以分区块为单位,给出指定分区的大小

这是一个创建和维护分区的命令,兼容DOS类型的分区表、BSD或SUN类型的磁盘列表。 注意fdisk不支持2T以上的硬盘分区,此时需要使用gdisk。

相关了解:

磁头数(Heads)表示硬盘有几个磁头,也就是有几面盘片,一个硬盘最多有255个磁头

柱面数(Cylinders)表示硬盘每面盘片上有几条磁道

扇区数(Sectors)表示每条磁道上有几个扇区,每条磁道最多有63个扇区

(1).选项

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-b < size >  指定扇区大小(512,1024,2048或4096 B)
-c  关闭DOS兼容模式
-u < size >  以扇区编号取代柱面编号来表示每个分区的起始地址,一般与-l选项联合使用
-C < number >  指定柱面编号
-H < number >  指定磁头编号
-S < number >  指定磁道扇区编号

(2).菜单操作说明:

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a 设置可引导标记(活动分区/引导分区之间切换)
b 编辑BSD磁盘标签
c 设置DOS操作系统兼容标记(兼容/不兼容之间切换)
d 删除一个分区
l 显示已知的分区类型,其中82为Linux swap分区,83为Linux分区
m 显示帮助信息
n 增加一个新的分区
o 创建一个新的空白的DOS分区表
p 显示磁盘当前的分区表
q 退出fdisk程序,不保存任何修改
s 创建一个新的空白的Sun磁盘标签
t 改变一个分区的系统ID,就是改变分区类型(比如把Linux Swap分区改为Linux分区)
u 改变显示或输入单位
v 验证磁盘分区表
w 将分区表写入磁盘并退出(保存并退出)
x 额外功能(专家级)

(3).扩展

sda和hda的区别

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sd代表的是SCSI,SATA接口硬盘
hd代表IDE接口的硬盘
sda和hda最后面的a都代表的是第一块硬盘
sda1和hda1则代表的是该硬盘的第一分区

(4).实例

1).使用-l选项,列出所有分区表

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/*盘/dev/sda:107.4G,107374182400字节(B),255个磁头,63个扇区,13054柱面(磁道)
* 1单位=16065柱面(磁道)*512=8225280字节(B)
* 扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512字节(B)/512字节(B)
*输入/输出大小(最小/最佳):512字节(B)/512字节(B)
*磁盘标识:0x00079700
*/
Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00079700
 
/*设备     启动标识  开始位置 结束位置  分区块的大小  分区ID  系统(分区类型) 
* /dev/sda1  *     1     64     512000     83    Linux
* 分区1不以柱面边界结束
* /dev/sda2        64    13055   104344576   8e    Linux LVM
*/
    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end  on  cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              64       13055   104344576   8e  Linux LVM
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
 
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
 
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_swap: 4194 MB, 4194304000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 509 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
 
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_home: 49.0 GB, 48964304896 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5952 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

2).使用-l和-u选项,用扇区编号取代柱面编号显示所有分区表

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Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders, total 209715200 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00079700
 
    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     1026047      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2         1026048   209715199   104344576   8e  Linux LVM
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders, total 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
 
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders, total 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
 
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_swap: 4194 MB, 4194304000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 509 cylinders, total 8192000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
 
Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_home: 49.0 GB, 48964304896 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5952 cylinders, total 95633408 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

3).你们也看到了,我的/dev/sdb还没有开始使用,下面就用这个硬盘简单的演示下fdisk主要用到的操作菜单

1.在操作菜单下,创建一个新的分区

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[root@CentOS6 桌面]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a  new  DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe8517189.
Changes will remain  in  memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
 
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected  by  w(rite)
 
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode  is  deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
          switch  off the mode (command  'c' ) and change display units to
          sectors (command  'u' ).
 
Command (m  for  help): n
Command action
    e   extended             //扩展分区,创建扩展分区会占用一个主分区,并且只有创建扩展分区后才能创建逻辑分区
    p   primary partition (1-4)    //主分区,最多创建4个
e
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-2610,  default  1):    //起始柱面,默认为1
Using  default  value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610,  default  2610):    //终止柱面,默认为最后一个数
Using  default  value 2610
 
Command (m  for  help): n
Command action
    l   logical (5 or over)     //逻辑分区
    p   primary partition (1-4)   //主分区
l
First cylinder (1-2610,  default  1): 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610,  default  2610): +10G   //终止柱面不仅可以用柱面数表示,还可以用+[数值][单位]的格式表示
 
Command (m  for  help): n
Command action
    l   logical (5 or over)
    p   primary partition (1-4)
l
First cylinder (1307-2610,  default  1307):
Using  default  value 1307
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1307-2610,  default  2610):
Using  default  value 2610
 
Command (m  for  help): p
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
 
    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        2610    20964793+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5               1        1306    10490382   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6            1307        2610    10474348+  83  Linux
 
Command (m  for  help):  w       //写入磁盘,保存并退出,否则之前的操作都无效。如果不想写入磁盘就使用q
The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

2.在操作菜单下,删除 一个分区

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[root@CentOS6 桌面]# fdisk /dev/sdb
 
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
          switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
          sectors (command 'u').
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
 
    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        2610    20964793+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5               1        1306    10490382   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6            1307        2610    10474348+  83  Linux
 
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 6  //这里输入的始分区编号,如果删除扩展分区,那扩展分区下的逻辑分区也会被删除
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
 
    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        2610    20964793+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5               1        1306    10490382   83  Linux
 
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

   3.在操作菜单下,修改分区类型

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WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
          switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
          sectors (command 'u').
 
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-5): 5  //操作哪一个分区
Hex code (type L to list codes): L  //这里会提示你使用L查看类型列表
 
  0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris       
  1  FAT12           39  Plan 9          82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
  2  XENIX root      3c  PartitionMagic  83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
  3  XENIX usr       40  Venix 80286     84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
  4  FAT16 <32M      41  PPC PReP Boot   85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx        
  5  Extended        42  SFS             86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data   
  6  FAT16           4d  QNX4.x          87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
  7  HPFS/NTFS       4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility  
  8  AIX             4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt        
  9  AIX bootable    50  OnTrack DM      93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access    
  a  OS/2 Boot Manag 51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O       
  b  W95 FAT32       52  CP/M            9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor     
  c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs       
  e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT           
  f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55  EZ-Drive        a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            56  Golden Bow      a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    5c  Priam Edisk     a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor     
12  Compaq diagnost 61  SpeedStor       a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor     
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 63  GNU HURD or Sys ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary 
16  Hidden FAT16    64  Novell Netware  af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS   
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 65  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE
18  AST SmartSleep  70  DiskSecure Mult b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep       
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 80  Old Minix       be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT           
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1
Hex code (type L to list codes): b
Changed system type of partition 5 to b (W95 FAT32)
 
Command (m for help): p  //可以看到由原来的Linux改成了W95 FAT32
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
 
    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        2610    20964793+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5               1        1306    10490382    b  W95 FAT32
 
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
 
WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x
partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional
information.
Syncing disks.

4).对正在使用的磁盘,再次进行分区时会出现以下提示

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WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table. The  new  table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)

注意此时分区并不会立刻生效,可以重启系统,也可以使用提示的命令partprobe或kpartx。

  下面展示完整情况内容

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[root@xuexi ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。
 
更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。
 
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n   //新建分区
Partition type:
    p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
    e   extended
Select ( default  p): p   //创建主分区
分区号 (2-4,默认 2):
起始 扇区 (2099200-4194303,默认为 2099200):
将使用默认值 2099200
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2099200-4194303,默认为 4194303):
将使用默认值 4194303
分区 2 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 1023 MiB
 
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w   //写入磁盘
The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
 
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table. The  new  table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run  partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
正在同步磁盘。
[root@xuexi ~]# ls /dev/sdb*
/dev/sdb  /dev/sdb1
[root@xuexi ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb   //通知操作系统分区表已更改
[root@xuexi ~]# ls /dev/sdb*
/dev/sdb  /dev/sdb1  /dev/sdb2

   注意:能reboot重启最好重启,不行再使用命令更新

 注意:其实partprobe是更新分区表,但kpartx其实是更新分区映射(涉及到了镜像文件,例如.img文件),不过还有partx可以用来更新分区表(-a选项新增,-d选项删除,-u选项更新(好像不能在删除时使用))。


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